What effect does proximity to the ground have on an aircraft's performance?

Being close to the ground significantly enhances lift due to a phenomenon known as ground effect. When an aircraft flies near the surface, it experiences an increase in lift because the airflow around the wings is affected by the presence of the ground. This occurs because the ground disrupts the airflow patterns, reducing the downward deflection of air and resulting in a higher-pressure buildup beneath the wings. Consequently, this allows the aircraft to achieve lift at lower speeds, which is particularly advantageous during takeoff and landing phases.

This effect is most pronounced at altitudes less than one wingspan above the ground, where pilots can take advantage of improved performance characteristics, leading to shorter takeoff distances and the ability to fly safely at lower airspeeds. Understanding ground effect is crucial for effective flight operations, particularly in general aviation and when operating near airports.