What is ground effect in aviation?

Ground effect in aviation refers to the phenomenon where an aircraft experiences increased lift and reduced drag when flying close to the ground, typically within a distance equal to the wingspan of the aircraft. This occurs due to the airflow characteristics around the wings.

As the aircraft gets closer to the ground, the air compressed between the wings and the surface increases the lift generated by the wings. Simultaneously, the interference of the ground reduces induced drag—a force that opposes lift. This unique combination allows the aircraft to maintain a much higher level of aerodynamic efficiency, making it easier to fly and land safely near the surface.

Understanding ground effect is crucial during landing and takeoff as it impacts the aircraft's performance and behavior during these critical phases of flight. Recognizing this phenomenon can help pilots manage their approach and landing strategies effectively.