Which speed is typically considered less than V1?

VMCG is the correct answer as it represents the minimum controllable speed on the ground during the takeoff roll, which is specifically defined as the speed below which the aircraft cannot maintain directional control with a failure of the critical engine. Therefore, VMCG must always be less than V1, ensuring that before reaching V1, the aircraft can safely abort the takeoff while still being able to steer effectively.

In contrast, VMCA, which is the minimum controllable airspeed in the air, is relevant after an aircraft takes off and one engine fails, typically being higher than V1. Vr, or the rotation speed, is the speed at which the pilot initiates aircraft liftoff, and it is expected to be greater than V1. V2, the takeoff safety speed, is the speed at which the aircraft can safely be flown with one engine inoperative, also higher than V1 as part of takeoff criteria and safety margins. Thus, VMCG is the only speed defined to be less than V1 in the context of aircraft operation during takeoff.